Lenis and Fortis

 Lenis and fortis are two terms that represent a dichotomy of a voiced/ voiceless pair. Phonetically, lenis refers to the consonants articulated with relatively less muscular energy and weaker breath effort, and are usually voiced. It is a softer, weaker consonant sound. For example, [ b d g] .  Fortis refers to consonant

Manners of Articulation of Consonants:

 When producing the consonant sound in the English language, different speech organs or articulators (such as the tongue, lips, and teeth) behave in diverse manners. According to the manners of articulation, the consonants in the English language can be categorized as follows:

Consonants: Place of Articulation

Phonetically, consonants are one of the two general categories used for speech sounds, the other being vowel sounds. Consonants are speech sounds in which the air from the lungs is seriously obstructed by the different articulators at different places in the vocal tract, and then goes out through the oral passage and, in some cases, through the nostrils. According to their areas of articulation, English consonant phonemes can be divided into nine types as discussed below:

Bilabial Consonant:

 To produce the bilabial consonants, the two lips function as the primary articulators. They first make contact to block the lung air and then separate to release it. English bilabial consonants include /p, b, m/. For example: pat, bat, mouse, etc.

 Labio-dental consonant:

 To articulate the labiodental consonants, the lower lip makes contact with the upper teeth. English labio-dental consonants are / f, v /. For example: fan, van, etc.

Phonology

 Phonology is a level of linguistics that studies the sound systems of languages. Phonology is concerned with the range and function of sounds in specific languages, and with rules that can be written to show the types of phonetic relationships that relate and contrast words and other linguistic units. so, it is concerned with the systemetic organization of sounds in spoken languages. 

The broadest aim of phonology is to isolate the distinct thorough interacting pressures that underlie both the cross-linguistically common and language particular sound patterns that our data analyses reveal. Broadly, these pressures derive from speech production and sound perception. it deals with the abstract, cognitive aspects of sounds rather than the physical production.

In linguistic theories, phonology is seen in one of two main ways:

Monopthong, Dipthong and Tripthong

 Every language possesses vowel sounds that play an inevitable role in producing speech. Vowel is one of the two general categories used for the classification of speech sounds, and this type of sound is articulated with the air from the lungs passing through the vibrating glottis and the vocal tract without any interruption.

That is, the speech sounds that are produced without any obstacles in the vocal tract are called vowels. However, vowels can be defined in terms of both phonetics and phonology.